Criterion-Related Validity of Consumer-Wearable Activity Trackers for Estimating Steps in Primary Schoolchildren under Controlled Conditions: Fit-Person Study.

The purposes were to examine the criterion-related validity of the steps estimated by consumer-wearable activity trackers (wrist-worn activity trackers: Fitbit Ace 2, Garmin Vivofit Jr, and Xiomi Mi Band 5; smartphone applications: Pedometer, Pedometer Pacer Health, and Google Fit/Apple Health) and their comparability in primary schoolchildren under controlled conditions. An initial sample of 66 primary schoolchildren (final sample = 56; 46.4% females), aged 9-12 years old (mean = 10.4 ± 1.0 years), wore three wrist-worn activity trackers (Fitbit Ace 2, Garmin Vivofit Jr 2, and Xiaomi Mi Band 5) on their non-dominant wrist and had three applications in two smartphones (Pedometer, Pedometer Pacer Health, and Google Fit/Apple Health for Android/iOS installed in Samsung Galaxy S20+/iPhone 11 Pro Max) in simulated front trouser pockets. Primary schoolchildren's steps estimated by the consumer-wearable activity trackers and the video-based counting independently by two researchers (gold standard) were recorded while they performed a 200-meter course in slow, normal and brisk pace walking, and running conditions. Results showed that the criterion-related validity of the step scores estimated by the three Samsung applications and the Garmin Vivofit Jr 2 were good-excellent in the four walking/running conditions (e.g., MAPE = 0.6-2.3%; lower 95% CI of the ICC = 0.81-0.99), as well as being comparable. However, the Apple applications, Fitbit Ace 2, and Xiaomi Mi Band 5 showed poor criterion-related validity and comparability on some walking/running conditions (e.g., lower 95% CI of the ICC < 0.70). Although, as in real life primary schoolchildren also place their smartphones in other parts (e.g., schoolbags, hands or even somewhere away from the body), the criterion-related validity of the Garmin Vivofit Jr 2 potentially would be considerably higher than that of the Samsung applications. The findings of the present study highlight the potential of the Garmin Vivofit Jr 2 for monitoring primary schoolchildren's steps under controlled conditions.

Effect of an activity wristband-based intermittent teaching unit in Physical Education on students' physical activity and its psychological mediators: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. School-fit study.

Objective: The main objective of the present study was to examine the effects of an intermittent teaching unit based on the use of activity wristbands and behavior modification strategies on high school students' perceptions of autonomy support, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, motivation toward Physical Education and physical activity, intention to be physically active, and habitual physical activity levels. Materials and methods: An initial sample of 353 high school students (final sample = 175; 45.7% females; mean age = 13.3 ± 1.2 years) from two public high schools were cluster-randomly assigned into the intermittent (IG, n = 100) and control (CG, n = 75) groups. The IG performed an intermittent teaching unit twice a week for eight weeks. Specifically, the last 15 min of each lesson were used. As the main strategy to promote the practice of regular physical activity, students wore an activity wristband the whole day during the intervention period. Additionally, other behavior modification strategies were also applied (e.g., educational counseling, physical activity goals or reminders). Regarding the CG, during the intervention period (i.e,, the eight weeks that took place the intermittent teaching unit) they also performed two Physical Education sessions, but without using activity wristbands or other behavior modification strategies. Before and after the intervention, as well as at the end of the follow-up period (six weeks), students' physical activity practice mediators and physical activity levels were measured by validated questionnaires. Results: The Multilevel Linear Model results showed that the IG students statistically significantly improved cognitive and procedural autonomy support from pre- to post-intervention (p < 0.05). They also statistically significantly improved autonomy and relatedness basic psychological needs, and autonomous motivation toward physical activity scores from post-intervention to follow-up (p < 0.05). Moreover, the results showed that the IG students statistically significantly improved habitual physical activity scores from pre- to post-intervention, and from post-intervention to follow-up (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The intermittent teaching unit based on the use of activity wristbands and other behavior modification strategies was effective for improving students' autonomy support and habitual physical activity levels, but not the rest of physical activity practice mediators. Clinical trial registration: https://register.clinicaltrials.gov/, ID: NCT05949463.

Validity of activity wristbands for estimating daily physical activity in primary schoolchildren under free-living conditions: School-Fit study.

Introduction: The use of activity wristbands to monitor and promote schoolchildren's physical activity (PA) is increasingly widespread. However, their validity has not been sufficiently studied, especially among primary schoolchildren. Consequently, the main purpose was to examine the validity of the daily steps and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) scores estimated by the activity wristbands Fitbit Ace 2, Garmin Vivofit Jr 2, and the Xiaomi Mi Band 5 in primary schoolchildren under free-living conditions. Materials and methods: An initial sample of 67 schoolchildren (final sample = 62; 50% females), aged 9-12 years old (mean = 10.4 ± 1.0 years), participated in the present study. Each participant wore three activity wristbands (Fitbit Ace 2, Garmin Vivofit Jr 2, and Xiaomi Mi Band 5) on his/her non-dominant wrist and a research-grade accelerometer (ActiGraph wGT3X-BT) on his/her hip as the reference standard (number of steps and time in MVPA) during the waking time of one day. Results: Results showed that the validity of the daily step scores estimated by the Garmin Vivofit Jr 2 and Xiaomi Mi Band 5 were good and acceptable (e.g., MAPE = 9.6/11.3%, and lower 95% IC of ICC = 0.87/0.73), respectively, as well as correctly classified schoolchildren as meeting or not meeting the daily 10,000/12,000-step-based recommendations, obtaining excellent/good and good/acceptable results (e.g., Garmin Vivofit Jr 2, k = 0.75/0.62; Xiaomi Mi Band 5, k = 0.73/0.53), respectively. However, the Fitbit Ace 2 did not show an acceptable validity (e.g., daily steps: MAPE = 21.1%, and lower 95% IC of ICC = 0.00; step-based recommendations: k = 0.48/0.36). None of the three activity wristbands showed an adequate validity for estimating daily MVPA (e.g., MAPE = 36.6-90.3%, and lower 95% IC of ICC = 0.00-0.41) and the validity for the MVPA-based recommendation tended to be considerably lower (e.g., k = -0.03-0.54). Conclusions: The activity wristband Garmin Vivofit Jr 2 obtained the best validity for monitoring primary schoolchildren's daily steps, offering a feasible alternative to the research-grade accelerometers. Furthermore, this activity wristband could be used during PA promotion programs to provide accurate feedback to primary schoolchildren to ensure their accomplishment with the PA recommendations.

Validity of the Xiaomi Mi Band 2, 3, 4 and 5 Wristbands for Assessing Physical Activity in 12-to-18-Year-Old Adolescents under Unstructured Free-Living Conditions. Fit-Person Study.

The purpose was to assess the validity of four generations of Xiaomi Mi Band wristbands for the assessment of step count and physical activity (PA) levels among adolescents aged 12-18 years under free-living conditions. One hundred adolescents were invited to participate in the present study. The final sample consisted of 62 high-school students (34 females), aged 12-18 years old (Mage = 14.1 ± 1.6 years), who wore an ActiGraph accelerometer on their hip (PA and step count reference measures) and four activity wristbands (Xiaomi Mi Band 2, 3, 4, and 5) on their non-dominant wrist during the waking time of one day. Results showed that the agreement between daily PA levels (i.e., slow, brisk, and slow-brisk pace walking, total PA and moderate-to-vigorous PA) measured by Xiaomi Mi Band wristbands and the accelerometer were poor (ICC, 95% CI = 0.06-0.78, 0.00-0.92; MAPE = 50.1-150.6%). However, agreement between daily step count measured by the accelerometer and the Xiaomi Mi Band wristbands were between acceptable (MAPE = 12.2-13.6%) to excellent (ICC, 95% CI = 0.94-0.95, 0.90-0.97). Furthermore, the Xiaomi Mi Band wristbands have a good to excellent validity for correctly classifying adolescents as meeting or not meeting the recommended 10,000 steps per day (P = 0.89-0.95, k = 0.71-0.87) and the recommended 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA per day (P = 0.89-0.94, k = 0.69-0.83). Furthermore, comparability between the four Xiaomi Mi Band generations were poor to excellent (ICC, 95% CI = 0.22-0.99, 0.00-1.00) for the daily PA levels outputs, although it was excellent (ICC, 95% CI = 0.99-1.00, 0.96-1.00; MAPE = 0.0-0.1%) for daily step count. Different models of Xiaomi Mi Band wristbands were comparable and presented good validity for measuring adolescents' step count, and they accurately classified adolescents as meeting or not meeting the PA recommendations under free-living conditions.

Are Wrist-Worn Activity Trackers and Mobile Applications Valid for Assessing Physical Activity in High School Students? Wearfit Study.

The purpose was to examine the validity of three wrist-worn commercial activity trackers (Samsung Galaxy Watch Active 2, Apple Watch Series 5, and Xiaomi Mi Band 5) and six mobile apps (Pedometer and Pacer for android and iPhone mobiles, Google Fit for android, and Apple Health for iPhone mobiles) for estimating high school students' steps and physical activity (PA) under free-living conditions. A sample of 56 (27 females; mean age = 14.7 years) and 51 (25 females; mean age = 14.0 years) high school students participated in Study 1 and 2, respectively. Study 1: Students performed a 200-meter course in four different conditions while wearing the wearables. Step counting through a video record was used as the golden standard. Study 2: Students wore the three wrist-worn commercial activity trackers during the waking time of one day, considering ActiGraph model wGT3X-BT accelerometers as a standard of reference. Afterward, the agreement between the PA scores measured by the commercial activity trackers and the video (study 1) or accelerometers (study 2) were calculated as follows: Equivalence test, Limits of Agreement (LOA); Mean Absolute Error (MAE); Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE); and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Results showed that all the wearables presented excellent validity for assessing steps in structured free-living conditions (study 1; MAPE < 5%), although their validity was between poor-excellent based on ICC (95% confidence interval) values (ICC = 0.56-1.00). Regarding Study 2, the Xiaomi wristband and the Samsung Watch presented acceptable-excellent (MAPE = 9.4-11.4%; ICC = 0.91-0.97) validity for assessing steps under unstructured free-living conditions (study 2). However, the Apple Watch presented questionable-excellent validity (MAPE = 18.0%; ICC = 0.69-0.95). Regarding moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and total PA, only the Apple Watch showed low-acceptable validity for MAPE value and questionable-excellent validity for the ICC values for MVPA assessment (MAPE = 22.6; ICC = 0.67-0.93). All wearables checked in this study have shown adequate validity results in order to assess steps in both structured and unstructured free-living conditions for both continuous and dichotomous variables. Moreover, for assessing MVPA, only the Apple Watch reported valid results for compliance or non-compliance with the daily PA recommendations. However, the results showed low validity for total PA and MVPA as continuous variables. In conclusion, depending on the user's/researcher's aim and context, one or another wearable activity tracker could be more adequate, mainly because of its valid measurements and its costs.

Effects of Consumer-Wearable Activity Tracker-Based Programs on Objectively Measured Daily Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Among School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The popularity of consumer-wearable activity trackers has led the scientific community to conduct an increasing number of intervention studies integrating them to promote physical activity (PA) and to reduce sedentary behavior (SB) levels among school-aged children. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to estimate the effects of consumer-wearable activity tracker-based programs on daily objectively measured PA and SB among apparently healthy school-aged children, as well as to compare the influence of participants' and programs' characteristics. METHODS: Eligibility criteria were: (1) participants: apparently healthy school-aged children (< 18 years old); (2) intervention: aimed to promote PA and/or to reduce SB incorporating consumer-wearable activity trackers; (3) comparator: baseline measurements and/or a control/traditional group; (4) outcomes: objectively measured daily PA and/or SB levels; (5) study design: pre-experimental, quasi-experimental, and true-experimental trials. Relevant studies were searched from eight databases up to December 2020, as well as from four alternative modes of searching. Based on the Cochrane Risk-of-bias tool 2, the risk of bias was assessed following four domains: (1) randomization process; (2) missing outcome data; (3) measurement of the outcomes; and (4) selection of the reported results. Based on a comprehensive systematic review, meta-analyses of the Cohen's standardized mean difference (d) and 95% confidence interval (CI) with a random-effects model were conducted to estimate the overall effects, as well as the within- and between-study subgroups analyses effects, of the programs on daily total steps, moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), total PA and SB. RESULTS: Forty-four publications (i.e., 45 studies) were included in the systematic review (5,620 unique participants; mean age = 12.85 ± 2.84 years) and 40 publications (i.e., 41 studies) in the meta-analysis. Programs had a mean length of 11.78 ± 13.17 weeks and most used a waist-worn consumer-wearable activity tracker (77.78% waist-worn; 22.22% wrist-worn). Programs characteristics were: goal-setting strategies (64.06%); participants' logbooks (56.25%); counseling sessions (62.50%); reminders (28.13%); motivational strategies (42.19%); and exercise routine (17.19%). Results showed a statistically significant moderate favorable effect on daily total steps (d = 0.612, 95% CI 0.477-0.746), small favorable effect on daily MVPA (d = 0.220, 95% CI 0.134-0.307), trivial favorable effect on daily total PA (d = 0.151, 95% CI 0.038-0.264) and trivial unfavorable effect on daily SB (d = 0.172, 95% CI 0.039-0.305). Subgroups analyses showed a higher effect for daily total steps and daily MVPA levels in females and the physically inactive for daily total steps (p = 0.003-0.044). Programs with educational counseling and/or goal-setting strategies, as well as a greater number of strategies, were more effective for improving children's daily total steps, and wrist-worn activity trackers were more effective than waist-worn trackers for improving their daily MVPA levels (p = 0.001-0.021). CONCLUSIONS: Consumer-wearable activity tracker-based programs seem to be effective in promoting school-aged children's daily total steps and MVPA levels, especially for females and those that are physically inactive. These programs should include specific goal-setting, educational counseling, and wrist-worn trackers as especially effective strategies. However, due to the certainty of evidence being from "low" to "moderate", future well-designed primary research studies about the topic are needed. PROSPERO: CRD42020222363.

High School Students' Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior by Motivational Profiles Toward Physical Activity.

Purpose: Based on a Self-Determination Theory with a person-centered approach, the purposes were: (1) to identify motivational profiles toward physical activity (PA) among high school students, and (2) to compare students' accelerometer-measured PA and sedentary behavior (SB) levels between the motivational profiles toward PA. Methods: The present study followed a cross-sectional design. A total of 394 high school students (173 females; final sample = 360 and 198 for the purposes 1 and 2, respectively) aged 12-16 years completed the study. Participants' PA and SB levels were objectively measured by ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers (right hip) during seven consecutive days. Later, motivation toward PA was measured by the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire. Results: Based on a two-stage cluster analysis approach, the results identified three clusters: (1) "Self-determined motivational profile toward PA" (65.3%); (2) "Non-self-determined motivational profile toward PA" (23.9%), and (3) "Controlled motivational profile toward PA" (10.8%). The results of the chi-square test showed that a statistically significantly higher percentage of males were represented in cluster 1 (p < .001). The results of the one-way analysis of variance showed that students from cluster 1 had statistically significantly lower levels of SB, and higher levels of light PA, moderate-to-vigorous PA and total PA than those from cluster 2 (p < .05; |d| = 0.40-0.61). Conclusions: In line with the Self-Determination Theory, the students within the self-determined motivational profile had lower SB and higher PA. This preliminary evidence could inform and guide future policy regarding students' PA promotion.

Acute effect of a static- and dynamic-based stretching warm-up on standing long jump performance in primary schoolchildren.

The aim of the present study was to compare the acute effect of a static- vs dynamic-based stretching warm-up on standing long jump (SLJ) performance in primary schoolchildren. The sample was composed of 76 schoolchildren, 43 girls and 33 boys, aged 9-10 years old from three fourth-grade classes of Primary Education. The three groups were cluster-randomly assigned to the control (CG), static (SG) or dynamic (DG) groups. All the schoolchildren performed a standardized warm-up consisting of mobility exercises (five minutes), jogging (five minutes) and the SLJ test. Afterwards the CG schoolchildren received jump theory (eight minutes), the SG performed static stretching (eight minutes) and the DG performed dynamic-bounces stretching (eight minutes). Afterwards, all of them performed the SLJ test again. The results of the one-way ANOVA (F 2,73 = 34.184; p < 0.001; η2p = 0.484), followed by the pairwise comparisons with the Bonferroni adjustment, showed that the DG students (M Δ = 11.07, SE = 1.42) made a significant statistical improvement in their SJL levels compared with the CG (M Δ = -3.00, SE = 1.89; p < 0.001, d = 1.51) and SG students (M Δ = -1.85, SE = 0.67; p < 0.001, d = 1.38). However, statistically significant differences between the CG and SG students were not found (p > 0.05, d = 0.12). The dynamic-bouncing stretch as a final part of a warm-up improves explosive strength performance in primary schoolchildren, and seems to be a good option before carrying out explosive strength activities of the lower body.

Composition Factor Analysis and Factor Invariance of the Physical Appearance State and Trait Anxiety Scale (PASTAS) in Sports and Non-Sports Practitioner Mexican Adolescents.

The purpose of the present study was to adapt and validate the Physical Appearance State and Trait Anxiety Scale (PASTAS) for Mexican adolescents, verifying the factor invariance by sports and non-sports practitioners. A sample of 930 Mexican adolescents (46.0% females), aged 11-15 years old, voluntarily participated in the study. A total of 415 participants regularly played sports in a club and/or regularly participated in sports competitions and 515 were non-sports practitioners. The adolescents filled out the trait version of the PASTAS questionnaire, which was previously translated and adapted for Mexican-speaking adolescents following the International Test Commission guidelines. The results of the confirmatory factor analyses showed an adequate measurement model for the original two-factor structure (e.g., GFI = 0.913; RMSEA = 0.078; CFI = 0.943). The internal consistency of the two dimensions was excellent (α and Ω = 0.92-0.93). Additionally, the results of the factorial invariance analyses showed an appropriate fit of the two-structure model (e.g., GFI = 0.96; CFI = 0.98; RMSEA = 0.04) among both sports and non-sports practitioners. The proposed trait version of the PASTAS questionnaire adapted to a Mexican-speaking population shows adequate psychometric properties among Mexican adolescents. The Mexican version of the PASTAS questionnaire supports the original two-factor structure (i.e., factor related to the body weight and factor not related to body weight) among adolescents. Additionally, the factorial invariance analyses support the equivalence of the two-factor structure among both sports and non-sports practitioners.

Acute and 24 h effect of kinesio taping on lower back muscle soreness during continued practice of cross-country skiing among collegiate students. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

To examine the effects of kinesio taping on lower back muscle soreness immediately after its application and after 24 h during a cross-country skiing camp in collegiate students. The present study followed a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial design. Out of the 60 participants in a winter skiing camp, 54 volunteered to participate in the study (aged 21.3 years old, 20 females and 34 males). After 3 days of practical cross-country ski lessons (4 h per day), volunteers were, balanced by sex, randomly divided into three groups. One group had kinesio taping applied on the lower back, another had placebo tape applied and the third group nothing. The two-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni adjustment showed that the lower back muscle soreness levels in the kinesio taping group decreased statistically significantly from baseline to after 24 h of the kinesio taping application (p= 0.020). Kinesio taping reduced low back muscle soreness 24 h after its application produce by several days of cross-country skiing in physically active collegiate students. Kinesio taping method may be beneficial in reducing post-exercise delayed onset muscle soreness in healthy sport collegiate students.

A comparison of the utility of different step-indices to translate the physical activity recommendation in adolescents.

Previous studies translating the daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) recommendation of total steps/day among adolescents are inconsistent, and those with cadence-based steps are scarce. The main purpose was to compare the accuracy of different daily steps index-based cut-points related to the daily 60 minutes of MVPA recommendation measured by a waist-worn accelerometer for adolescents. Following a cross-sectional design, 428 Spanish adolescents (final sample 351, 50.4% males), aged 13-16 years old, wore an ActiGraph GT3X/+ accelerometer (reference standard = MVPA; index tests = total steps/day, average steps/min and peak 1-min cadence) on the right hip for eight consecutive days. 32.5% of the adolescents met the daily MVPA recommendation. The multiple ROC curve comparisons showed that the accuracy of the daily total step-based recommendation (AUC = 0.97) was statistically higher than for those with the steps/min (AUC = 0.90) and peak 1-min cadence (AUC = 0.58) (p < 0.001). The 10,000-step-per-day cut-point (k= 0.59-0.83) showed highest accuracy values than the 12,000 steps/day (k= 0.20-0.32). Daily total step-based recommendations are more accurate than those with steps/min and peak 1-min cadence for classifying adolescents as being physically active or inactive. A 10,000-step-per-day target is simple and accurate for both male and female adolescents.

Expressive movement and creative dance practice in the times of quarantine: the #vidlop movement / Prática de expressão corporal em tempos de quarentena: o movimento #vidlop / Práctica de expresión corporal en tiempos de cuarentena: el movimiento #vidlop

The situation created by the novel coronavirus disease has affected education worldwide, resulting in the urgent need for programs that promote physical activity at home and responsible use of internet-connected devices. This work provides a didactic proposal to perform Expressive Movement & Creative Dance (EMCD) at home adaptable to distinct educational levels and useful as a valuable online or face-to-face education experience even when the coronavirus crisis ends. The proposal is based on the Laban Movement Analysis, the Theatre of the Oppressed, and Lipdub. It seeks to develop students' own artistic body language, emotional intelligence, healthy physical activity and social awareness. Furthermore, it intends to promote the creation of a new social movement (#VIDLOP) using art and popular media as empowering and democratic channels for building a better world. In conclusion, this may be a promising proposal to develop the EMCD and human awareness in challenging scenarios and distinct educational settings.

A situação causada pela nova doença do coronavírus afetou a educação em todo o mundo, sendo urgente a aplicação de programas que promovam a atividade física em casa e o uso responsável de dispositivos conectados à internet. O presente trabalho apresenta uma proposta didática de Expressão Corporal (EC) para a sua prática desde casa, adaptável a diferentes níveis educacionais, e útil também como uma valiosa experiência educacional on-line ou presencial mesmo quando a crise do coronavírus acabe. Esta proposta baseia-se na Análise Laban de Movimento, no Teatro do Oprimido e no Lipdub. Procura desenvolver a linguagem corporal artística própria, a inteligência emocional, comportamentos saudáveis de atividade física e a consciência social dos alunos; e promover a criação de um novo movimento social (#VIDLOP), usando a arte e a mídia popular como canais democráticos e de poder para construir um mundo melhor. Em conclusão, esta pode ser uma proposta promissora para o desenvolvimento da EC e da consciência humana em cenários desafiadores e em diferentes ambientes educacionais.

La situación provocada por la nueva enfermedad del coronavirus ha afectado a la educación en todo el mundo, por lo que es urgente la aplicación de programas que promuevan la actividad física en el hogar y el uso responsable de dispositivos conectados a internet. El presente trabajo presenta una propuesta didáctica de Expresión Corporal (EC) para practicar desde casa, adaptable a diferentes niveles educativos, y útil también como una valiosa experiencia educativa online o presencial, incluso cuando la crisis del coronavirus acabe. Esta propuesta se basa en el Análisis del Movimiento de Laban, en el Teatro del Oprimido y en el Lipdub. Busca desarrollar el lenguaje corporal artístico propio, la inteligencia emocional, comportamientos saludables de actividad física y la conciencia social de los alumnos, además de promover la creación de un nuevo movimiento social (#VIDLOP), utilizando arte y medios de comunicación populares como canales democráticos y de poder para construir un mundo mejor. En conclusión, esta puede ser una propuesta prometedora para el desarrollo de la EC y la conciencia humana en escenarios desafiantes y en diferentes entornos educativos.

Sex and age-related changes in performance in the duathlon world championships / Sexo e mudanças relacionadas com a idade no desempenho em campeonatos mundiais de duatlo / Sexo y cambios relacionados con la edad en el desempeño en campeonatos mundiales de duatlón

ABSTRACT Objective Our study analyses differences in performance between sexes, and changes in performance between age groups at Olympic distance during the ITU Duathlon World Championships, held between 2005 and 2016. During this period, a total of 9,772 duathletes were analysed (6,739 men and 3,033 women). Methods Two-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine sex- and age-related differences in performance (time, percentage of time and performance ratio) in the first running and cycling legs, the second running leg, and total race for the top 10 male and female athletes in each age group at the Duathlon World Championships. Results The age group with the highest participation, in both male and female categories, was 40-44 years, and it was found that the mean age of female finisher participants across all age groups was 23.5±12. With regards to performance, the best results for total race time and the cycling segment were achieved in the 30-34-year age group, for both male and female athletes. With regards to performance in the first and third segments (running legs), the best times were achieved in the 25-29 and 30-34 age groups, for men and women respectively. Conclusion According to the results of our study, the best results in the professional career of a duathlete are achieved at between 30 and 35 years, therefore the athlete should incorporate this factor into their training plan. Level of evidence III; Retrospective comparative study.

RESUMO Objetivo Nosso estudo analisa as diferenças de desempenho entre os sexos e as mudanças do desempenho entre as faixas etárias quanto à distância olímpica durante o Campeonato Mundial de Duatlo da ITU, realizado entre 2005 e 2016. Nesse período, foram analisados 9.772 duatletas (6.739 homens e 3.033 mulheres). Métodos As análises de variância bidirecional (ANOVA) foram usadas para examinar as diferenças de desempenho relacionadas com sexo e idade (tempo, porcentagem de tempo e coeficiente de desempenho) na primeira corrida, ciclismo, segunda corrida e competição total dos 10 melhores atletas do sexo masculino e feminino em cada faixa etária no Campeonato Mundial de Duatlo. Resultados A faixa etária com maior participação, tanto dos homens quanto das mulheres foi de 40 a 44 anos, e verificou-se que a média de idade das participantes do sexo feminino que concluíram a competição em todas as faixas etárias foi de 23,5 ± 12. Com relação ao desempenho, os melhores resultados para o tempo total de competição e o segmento de ciclismo foram na faixa etária de 30 a 34 anos, tanto em atletas masculinos quanto femininos. Com relação ao desempenho no primeiro e terceiro segmentos (corridas), o melhor desempenho foi alcançado nas faixas de 25 a 29 e 30 a 34 anos, em homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Conclusão De acordo com os resultados obtidos neste estudo, os melhores resultados na carreira profissional de um duatleta poderiam ser alcançados entre 30 e 35 anos, portanto o atleta deve incorporar esse fator em seu plano de treinamento. Nível de evidência III; Estudo retrospectivo comparativo.

RESUMEN Objetivo Nuestro estudio analiza las diferencias de desempeño entre los sexos y los cambios de desempeño entre los grupos de edad con respecto a la distancia olímpica durante el Campeonato Mundial de Duatlón de ITU, realizado entre 2005 y 2016. En ese período, fueron analizados 9.772 duatletas (6.739 hombres y 3.033 mujeres). Métodos Los análisis de variancia bidireccional (ANOVA) fueron usados para examinar las diferencias de desempeño relacionadas con sexo y edad (tiempo, porcentaje de tiempo y coeficiente de desempeño) en la primera carrera, ciclismo, segunda carrera y competición total de los 10 mejores atletas de sexo masculino y femenino en cada grupo de edad en el Campeonato Mundial de Duatlón. Resultados El grupo de edad con mayor participación, tanto de los hombres como de las mujeres, fue de 40 a 44 años y se verificó que la edad promedio de las participantes femeninas que concluyeron la competición en todos los grupos de edad fue de 23,5 ± 12,5. Con relación al desempeño, los mejores resultados para el tiempo total de competición y el segmento de ciclismo fueron en el grupo de edad de 30 a 34 años, tanto en atletas masculinos como femeninos. Con relación al desempeño en el primer y tercer segmentos (carreras), el mejor desempeño fue alcanzado en los grupos de 25 a 29 y 30 a 34 años, en hombres y mujeres, respectivamente. Conclusión De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos en este estudio, los mejores resultados en la carrera profesional de un duatleta podrían ser alcanzados entre 30 y 35 años, por lo tanto el atleta debe incorporar ese factor en su plan de entrenamiento. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudio retrospectivo comparativo.

Effect of a physical education-based fitness intermittent teaching unit on high school students' cardiorespiratory fitness: a cluster-randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the effect of the intermittent and traditional physical fitness-based teaching units on cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity levels in high school students during Physical Education sessions. METHODS: One hundred and three high school students (Mage=13.6±0.7) from six classes, balanced by grade, were cluster-randomly assigned into traditional (TG), intermittent (IG), and control (CG) groups. The TG performed a fitness teaching unit twice a week for nine weeks (35-40 minutes of the main part of each session). The IG worked during the first half of the sessions' main part (18-20 minutes) similarly to the TG, and during the second half they worked on technical-tactical aspects of invasion sports. Students' cardiorespiratory fitness was measured at the beginning and at the end of the teaching unit. Physical activity levels were measured objectively through a heart rate monitor and subjectively by a self-reported scale during Physical Education sessions. RESULTS: Both traditional and intermittent teaching units developed students' cardiorespiratory fitness levels (Δ post-pre-intervention: TG, M∆=19.8, SE=9.4; IG, M∆=16.6, SE=7.7); P<0.01). Additionally, both TG (M=86.2, SE=9.9) and IG (M=90.9, SE=7.6) had higher physical activity levels than the CG (M=76.3, SE=13.5) (P<0.05). However, no differences in physical activity levels were found between the IG and TG (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The intermittent teaching unit allowed the simultaneous development of cardiorespiratory fitness and another curricular objective in the same Physical Education sessions.

V Coloquio Internacional de Psicología del Deporte Público REDDECA. Composición e invarianza factorial del cuestionario Medida de la Intencionalidad para ser Físicamente Activo (MIFA) en adolescentes mexicanos / V Coloquio Internacional de Psicología del Deporte Público REDDECA. Composition and factorial invariance of the Measurement of Intention to be Physically Active (MIFA) questionnaire among Mexican adolescents / V Coloquio Internacional de Psicología del Deporte Público REDDECA. Estrutura e invariancia fatorial do questionario Medida de intencionalidade a ser fisicamente ativa (MIFA) em adolescentes mexicanos

El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas propuestos por Moreno, Moreno y Cervelló (2007) para el cuestionario Medida de la Intencionalidad para ser Físicamente Activo (MIFA). La muestra total fue de 549 adolescentes mexicanos 256 mujeres y 293 hombres, con edades comprendidas entre 11-16 años (M = 12.91; DE = 0.49). La estructura factorial del cuestionario se analizó mediante análisis factoriales confirmatorios. Los análisis, muestran que una estructura unifactorial es viable y adecuada tanto para la muestra total como para las poblaciones de hombres y mujeres. La estructura unifactorial, atendiendo a criterios estadísticos y sustantivos, ha mostrado adecuados indicadores de ajuste de fiabilidad y validez. Por otro lado, la estructura factorial, las cargas factoriales y los interceptos se consideran invariantes de acuerdo al género; sin embargo, existen diferencias entre hombres y mujeres para la media de intencionalidad para ser físicamente activo. En conclusión, el MIFA-M puede ser una herramienta útil para avanzar en el estudio de los factores que afectan a la práctica de actividad física

The aim of this research was to analyze the psychometric properties proposed by Moreno et al. (2007) for the Measurement of Intention to be Physically Active (MIFA) questionnaire. The total sample has been composed by 549 Mexican adolescents, 256 women and 293 mean, with ages from 11 to 16 years (M = 12.91, SD = 0.49). The factor structure of questionnaire has been analized through the confirmatory factor analysis. This analysis shows that a unifactorial structure is viable and adequate for the total sample and the populations of men and women. The unifactorial structure, according to statistical and substantive criteria, has shown adequate indicators of reliability and validity adjustment. On the other hand, the factorial structure, the factorial loads and the intercepts are considered invariant according to gender; however, there are differences between men and women for the average intentionality of being physically active. In conclusion, the MIFA-M can be a useful tool to advance in the study of the factors that affect the practice of physical activity

O objetivo do presente estudo instrumental foi analisar a composição e invariância fatorial por gênero do questionário Medida de Intencionalidade a ser Fisicamente Ativa proposto por Moreno et al. (2007) adaptado ao contexto mexicano (MIFA-M) em adolescentes mexicanos. Um total de 549 adolescentes mexicanos, 256 mulheres e 293 homens, com idades entre 11 e 16 anos (M = 12.91; DP = .49) completaram o questionário MIFA-M. A estrutura fatorial do questionário foi analisada por análises fatoriais confirmatórias. Os resultados mostraram que uma estrutura unifatorial é viável e adequada tanto para a amostra total quanto para as populações de homens e mulheres. Com base em critérios estatísticos e substantivos, a estrutura unifatorial apresentou indicadores adequados de confiabilidade e validade. Além disso, a estrutura fatorial, as cargas fatoriais e os interceptos eram invariantes de acordo com o gênero. Maiores valores de intenção de ser fisicamente ativo em homens do que em mulheres foram encontrados. Maiores valores de intenção de ser fisicamente ativo em homens do que em mulheres foram encontrados. Em conclusão, o MIFA-M é um instrumento útil para avaliar a intenção de ser fisicamente ativo em adolescentes mexicanos

V Coloquio Internacional de Psicología del Deporte Público REDDECA. Composición e invarianza factorial del Autoinforme de Barreras para la Práctica de Ejercicio Físico (ABPEF-M) en universitarios mexicanos deportistas / V Coloquio Internacional de Psicología del Deporte Público REDDECA. Composition and factorial invariance of the Self Report Barriers for the Practice of Physical Activity Scale (ABPEF-M) in Mexican university athletes / V Coloquio Internacional de Psicología del Deporte Público REDDECA. Estrutura e invariancia fatorial do Autoinforme de Barreiras pala Prática de Exercício Físico (ABPEF-M) em universitários atletas mexicanos

El presente estudio analiza las propiedades psicométricas propuestos por Rodríguez-Villalobos, Viciana, Tristán y Blanco (2017) para el Autoinforme de Barreras para la Práctica de Ejercicio Físico (ABPEF-M) en hombres y mujeres deportistas universitarios. La muestra total fue de 413 universitarios mexicanos deportistas 174 mujeres y 239 hombres, con edades comprendidas entre 18-26 años (M = 20.76; DE = 2.06). La estructura factorial del cuestionario se analizó mediante análisis factoriales confirmatorios. Los análisis, muestran que una estructura tetrafactorial (imagen corporal, fatiga, obligaciones y ambiente) es viable y adecuada tanto para la muestra total como para las poblaciones de hombres y mujeres. La estructura de cuatro factores, atendiendo a criterios estadísticos y sustantivos, ha mostrado adecuados indicadores de ajuste de fiabilidad y validez. Además, la estructura factorial, las cargas factoriales y los interceptos se consideran invariantes de acuerdo al género; sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias entre hombres y mujeres deportistas en cuanto su percepción sobre la presencia de barreras en las cuatro dimensiones estudiadas

The aim of this research was to analyze the psychometric properties proposed by Rodríguez-Villalobos et al. (2017) for the Barriers for the Practice of Physical Activity Scale (ABPEF-M) in university athletes mens and women. The total sample has been composed by 413 Mexican university athletes, 174 women and 239 mens, with ages from 18-26 years (M = 20.76, SD = 2.06). The factor structure of questionnaire has been analized through the confirmatory factor analysis. This analysis shows that a tetrafactorial structure (body image, fatigue, obligations, and environment) is viable and adequate for the total sample and the populations of mens and woman. The four factors structure, according to statistical and substantive criteria, has shown adequate indicators of reliability and validity adjustment. On the other hand, the factorial structure, the factorial loads and the intercepts are considered invariant according to the variable gender; however, no differences were found between mens and women athletes in their perception of the presence of barriers in the four dimensions studied

O objetivo deste estudo foi examinar a estructura e invariância de gênero Auto-relato de Barreiras à Prática de Exercício Físico (ABPEF-M) proposto por Rodríguez-Villalobos et al. (2017) em atletas universitários mexicanos. A amostra total foi de 413 atletas mexicanos universitários, 174 mulheres e 239 homens, com idades entre 18-26 anos (M = 20.76; DP = 2.06). A estrutura fatorial do questionário foi analisada por análises fatoriais confirmatórias. Os resultados mostraram que uma estrutura de quatro fatores (imagem corporal/ ansiedade social físico, fadiga/ preguiça, obrigações/ falta de tempo, e meio ambiente/ instalações) é viável e adequado tanto para a amostra total e para as populações de homens e mulheres. Com base em critérios estatísticos e substantivos, a estrutura de quatro fatores mostrou adequada confiabilidade e validade dos indicadores de ajuste. Além disso, a estrutura fatorial, as cargas fatoriais e os interceptos eram invariantes de acordo com o gênero. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre atletas homens e mulheres na sua percepção da presença de barreiras nas quatro dimensões estudadas

Daily Step-Based Recommendations Related to Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Adolescents.

Among adolescents empirical studies examining the total daily steps translation of the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity recommendation are scarce and inconsistent, and there are no previous studies with cadence-based steps and related to sedentary behavior. The main objective of the present study was to establish and compare the accuracy of daily step-based recommendations related to the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary behavior thresholds in adolescents. The present study followed a cross-sectional design. A total of 126 adolescents (56 girls) aged 12-15 years old were assessed by ActiGraph GT3X accelerometers for eight consecutive days (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, sedentary behavior, and steps) and the multistage 20-meter shuttle run test (cardiorespiratory fitness). ROC curve analyses showed that total daily steps (AUC = 0.94, 0.89-0.99; Threshold ≥ 11,111 steps/ day; P = 0.93; k = 0.67; p < 0.001) was a more appropriate indicator than cadence-based daily steps for distinguishing between physically active and inactive adolescents. Daily step-based thresholds represent a promising way to translate a total daily sedentary behavior threshold (e.g., total daily steps, AUC = 0.87, 0.81-0.93; Sensitivity = 0.87; Specificity = 0.70). Adolescents who met a favorable combination of step-based recommendations related to both physical activity and sedentary behavior thresholds had a higher probability of having a healthy cardiorespiratory fitness profile than those who did not meet either of them (e.g., risk ratio = 5.05, 1.69-15.08) or only the one related to physical activity (e.g., risk ratio = 4.09, 1.36-12.29). These findings may help policy-makers to provide accurate daily step-based recommendations that would simplify the physical activity and sedentary behavior thresholds for adolescents.

Análisis bibliométrico de términos en inglés sobre expresión corporal: resultados en web of science™ desde 1900 hasta 2018 / Bibliometric analysis of english terms about expressive movement and creative dance: web of science™ results from 1900 to 2018 / Análise bibliométrica de termos em inglês sobre expressão corporal: resultados em web of science™ desde 1900 até 2018

La confusión terminológica que rodea a la Expresión Corporal, no estando claro qué palabras en inglés le corresponden, limita la difusión y avance científico de la disciplina. Este artículo pretende analizar los términos más utilizados en inglés para referirse a ella. Para determinarlos, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en cinco bases de datos, seguida de una búsqueda en la base de datos Web of ScienceTM desde 1900 hasta 2018 con los diez términos seleccionados. Los resultados mostraron un crecimiento exponencial en la mayoría de términos. Predomina el inglés como idioma y el área de "Psicología". Aunque no parece existir consenso en la denominación en inglés de esta disciplina, el término más utilizado en español, portugués y francés, Corporal Expression, no se corresponde con el significado en inglés. Los términos más relacionados y recomendados a utilizar en traducciones y búsquedas son Creative Movement, Creative Dance, Expressive Movement y Physical Theatre

A confusão terminológica em torno da Expressão Corporal, não deixando claro quais palavras em inglês correspondem a ela, limita a difusão e o avanço científico da disciplina. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar os termos mais utilizados em inglês para se referir a ela. Para determiná-los, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura em cinco bases de dados, seguida de uma pesquisa no banco de dados Web of ScienceTM desde 1900 até 2018 com os dez termos selecionados. Os resultados mostraram um crescimento exponencial na maioria dos termos. O inglês predomina como língua e, como área, a Psicologia. Embora não pareça haver um consenso na denominação inglesa dessa disciplina, o termo mais utilizado em espanhol, português e francês, Corporal Expression, não se encaixa com o significado em inglês. Os termos mais relacionados e recomendados para usar em traduções e pesquisas são Creative Movement, Creative Dance, Expressive Movement e Physical Theatre

The terminological confusion surrounding the Expressive Movement and Creative Dance, with no English words clearly corresponding to it, restricts the dissemination and scientific progress of the discipline. This article examines the English terms most frequently used for it. To determine them, a literature review was conducted on five databases, followed by a search on Web of ScienceTM­ a database covering from 1900 to 2018, using the ten selected terms. Results showed exponential growth in most terms. English prevails as the main language and 'Psychology' as the main the area. Although there seems to be no consensus about the English term for the discipline, the most frequently choices in Spanish, Portuguese and French ­ literally, Corporal Expression ­ does not correspond to the English meaning. The most related and recommended terms to be used in translations and searches are Creative Movement, Creative Dance, Expressive Movement and Physical Theatre

Influence of air pollution exposure on adolescents' objectively-measured physical activity and sedentary behavior.

Although regular physical activity is recommended for health, highly contaminated air exposure acts to the detriment of the benefits produced in individuals. The purpose of the present study was to compare the accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary behavior during the whole day, in-school time, out-of-school time, and school breaks between highly contaminated air days and non-highly contaminated air days in Chilean adolescents. Nineteen adolescents from Santiago of Chile were assessed by a GT3X accelerometer. The vertical axis and steps per minute for the whole day, and both of these variables together with the percentage of time of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity level in the out-of-school time period were higher in highly contaminated air days than in non-highly contaminated air days (p < 0.05; with effect sizes from r = 0.36 to r = 0.46). Results for sedentary behavior were similar in both conditions for every period of time analyzed. These results allow us to conclude the lack of awareness of the participants in this research regarding the health repercussions in relation to the physical activity performed during air pollution exposure. Some strategies in order to improve the Chilean adolescents' physical activity and sedentary behavior are suggested and discussed.

Influence of air pollution exposure on adolescents' objectively-measured physical activity and sedentary behavior / Influência da poluição do ar em adolescentes avaliando objetivamente a atividade física e o comportamento sedentário

Abstract Although regular physical activity is recommended for health, highly contaminated air exposure acts to the detriment of the benefits produced in individuals. The purpose of the present study was to compare the accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary behavior during the whole day, in-school time, out-of-school time, and school breaks between highly contaminated air days and non-highly contaminated air days in Chilean adolescents. Nineteen adolescents from Santiago of Chile were assessed by a GT3X accelerometer. The vertical axis and steps per minute for the whole day, and both of these variables together with the percentage of time of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity level in the out-of-school time period were higher in highly contaminated air days than in non-highly contaminated air days (p < 0.05; with effect sizes from r = 0.36 to r = 0.46). Results for sedentary behavior were similar in both conditions for every period of time analyzed. These results allow us to conclude the lack of awareness of the participants in this research regarding the health repercussions in relation to the physical activity performed during air pollution exposure. Some strategies in order to improve the Chilean adolescents' physical activity and sedentary behavior are suggested and discussed.

Resumo Embora a atividade física regular seja recomendada para saúde, a exposição de indivíduos ao ar altamente contaminado pode levar a perda dos benefícios produzidos. O propósito do presente estudo foi comparar o nível de atividade fisica e o comportamento sedentário durante e fora das aulas escolares, e nos recessos escolares entre dias altamente contaminados e dias não contaminados em adolescentes chilenos. Dezenove adolescentes de Santiago foram avaliados por um acelerômetro GT3X. O eixo vertical e os passos por minuto durante um dia inteiro, e as duas variáveis assim como a porcentagem de tempo de atividade fisica moderada a vigorosa no período do tempo fora da escola foi superior em dias altamente contaminados do que em dias não altamente contaminados (p < 0.05; r = 0.36 a r = 0.46). O resultado do comportamento sedentário foi similar em ambas as condições para cada período do tempo analisado. Esses resultados permitem concluir que a falta de consciência dos participantes nessa pesquisa relativa à repercussão na saúde com relação a atividade física executado durante exposição da poluição atmosférica. Algumas estratégias a fim de melhorar o nível de atividade fisica de adolescentes chilenos e comportamentos sedentários são sugeridas e discutidas.